Eichhornia crassipes now Pontederia crassipes. Harmful and Beneficial aspects

Eichhornia crassipes now Pontederia crassipes. Harmful and Beneficial aspects

By Dr. Yashpal Singh, Chairman, The Wealthy Waste School India 

Native to the Amazon basin in South America, the Water Hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes currently known as Pontederia crassipes, has now invaded many countries. The growth is governed by the availability of nutrients and temperature. Water Hyacinth draws all its nutrients directly from water and absorbs heavy metals, organic contaminants and nutrients from the water column. This property enables it to be used in waste water treatment and bio remediation also. The plant grows very fast, doubling in mass every 05 days under favourable conditions. Salinity concerns limit the growth of this species in coastal area but there are reports that it can survive both in fresh water and sea water.  The seeds may be remained viable for almost 20 years. It is the most notorious floating water weed in most of the frost free tropical and sub-tropical areas of the globe.

Eichhornia grows in mats upto 02 metres thick which can reduce light and oxygen, change the water chemistry affect flora and fauna and cause intensive loss to water because of extensive evapo-transpiration. Unal, Aynur. (2020).

DeGaga, A.H. 2018 has studied the biology, ecology and economics of Eichhornia crassipes.

By blocking light and nutrients and also reducing the dissolved oxygen concentrations, the plants adversely affect the growth of plankton and other aquatic biota in areas beneath the root zone and impact the diversity, distribution and abundance of the various biotic components. This also encourages the proliferation of mosquitos and other pathogens connected with human health including malaria, schistosomiasis, encephalitis, filariasis, cholera, polio etc. Increased evapotranspiration may cause water stress. The death and decay of water hyacinth may also cause anaerobic conditions and the production of lethal anaerobic gases.

However, it may also provide temporary shelter for small aquatic organisms such as fishes etc. (Wang, Z. and Yan, S.H. 2017).

Removal of Eichhornia has been suggested as a management option. Manual and mechanical removal is beneficial but the removal rate should be greater than the rate of regrowth. Allowing the plant to die and decompose within a system has negative consequences. Prevention from entering a system appears to be the best approach. Biological control is effective but may take a long time. Some insects have been identified which serve as a biological control but the ecology needs to be examined.

Eichhornia is a good indicator of eutrophic waste waters enriched with Phosphorous and Nitrogen.

The IUCN has listed it among the top 100 aggressive invasive species and one of the 10 most destructive weed species globally. (Ben. B. et al. 2025).

Despite its negative impacts on ecology, Eichhornia has a number of beneficial uses which could be used for the benefit of mankind. Ropes and yarns, baskets, hats, mats, furniture, Fibre and paper can be gainfully made from the plant. E. crassipes is a renewable and sustainable bio mass resource.  It Serves as a rich source of compost, can be used to generate Biogas, Bio ethanol and bio-briquettes and can be used as an animal feed. It also serves an important role in bio remediation.

As Animal Feed

Water Hyacinth contains 95% water and 5% dry matter of which 50% is silica, 30% potassium, 15% Nitrogen and 5% protein. Too much silica, calcium oxalate and potassium and too little protein may not make it suitable as animal feedstock. (Degaga 2018)

It can however, serve as livestock feed after proper treatment to reduce the water content and nutrient imbalance (Aftab Alam et.al. 2017). Water Hyacinth can also be used as a raw material in formulating fish feed. The leaf has been established to serve as a very good source of alternative fish feed (Mahmood, S. et al.2018). Improved growth performance and survival of fish was observed in diets supplemental with E. crassipes (Sipauba-Tavares, L.H. et al.2019).

The protein content has a high digestibility. Good results in terms of pH, odour and palatability of feed have been reported when wilted water hyacinth was supplemented with 5% molasses or 10% cassava. Production increases of 30% and reduced costs of 20% have been reported along with an increase in milk production in cattle by up to 20%. A lower feed cost/body weight gain has also been observed. The protein has a high digestibility (Akankali J. A., Elenwo E. I.2019).

Protein in the leaves of the plant contain most of the essential amino acids and is particularly rich in glutamine, asparagine and leucine (Poddar, K., et.al. 1991). Lignin, silica and cutin affect its digestibility. Water hyacinth grown in sewage has a high protein and mineral content. (McDonald, P.E.et.al, 1978).

Water Hyacinth can be fed fresh or wilted to animals. The high level of cellulose and hemi cellulose serve as a good source of energy for ruminants. (Thu, N.V. 2011). It has been gainfully utilised as feed when supplemented with rice straw. Wilted Water Hyacinth is generally preferred. It can also be successfully ensiled with molasses, rice bran, cassava root as well as with organic acids for acceptance by ruminants. (Chakraborty et.al., 1991). It has also been established as useful to rabbits, ducks and geese and fish singly or as a supplement to other feeds.

Since E. Crassipes is an accumulator of heavy metals, the food chain impacts may need to be examined.

As Biocompost and Manure

Water Hyacinth is 95.5% moisture, 0.04% N, 1.0% Ash, 0.06% P₂05, 0.20% K20, 3.5% organic matter. On a zero-moisture basis it is 75.8% organic matter, 1.5% N, 24.2% ash which contains 28.7% K₂O, 1.8% Na₂O, 12.8% CaO, 21.0% CI and 7.0% P2O5. (Matai, S. and Bagchi, D. 1980)

Aftab Alam etal.2017 have observed that Potash is important for determining the quality and taste of potato. Water Hyacinth used as bio manure was found to increase yield and quality of potato and reduce water pollution. They report that the use of Water Hyacinth both as manure and compost has improved the yield in other plants like rice, corn, sesame, brinjal, onion, gourd, tomato, maize.

The Harike wetland initiative in Punjab removes the Water Hyacinth from water bodies and converts it to organic compost (Rupal Dupare et.al. 2025)

Water Hyacinth either alone or in combination with cow dung has been observed to be a vermicomposting raw material. The solo use of water hyacinth was observed to give better vermicompost (Mora, H et al.2013). A 60 days vermicomposting cycle in conjunction with Lactobacillus sporogenes led to an increase in nutrient composition making it a good bio fertilizer (Saktikha, T. and Sornalakshmi, V. 2019).

Water Hyacinth has been used as mulch and compost and for paper making (Nolan and Kirinse, 1974) and biogas generation. It is a good source of organic carbon and is used as an organic fertiliser either alone or as a supplement. Phyto remediation followed by bio as and production of ethanol are other options.

A rich presence of Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium also makes E. crassipes a very important raw material for compost either alone or in conjunction with other materials such as cow dung and saw dust. It has also been suggested as a good option for controlling acidic soils and improving the soil chemistry. (John, M. 2016). Mixing with other wastes like animal wastes, plant wastes, house hold and domestic wastes etc and using on soil improves the water retention in soils and land locked areas. (Stephan B. and Selvaraju, R. 2012) I would suggest that some studies could be initiated on the use of Eichhornia crassipes with press mud and distillery spent wash for bio compost. The high nitrogen in Eichhornia may balance the high potash of spent wash.

The pyrolysis of Eichhornia crassipes in the absence of oxygen produces biochar which has good nutritive value and application to soil enhances crop productivity with improved soil health. ( Kumari, K.et al.2021)

Bio energy, Biogas and Ethanol

The high content of cellulose and hemicellulose allow it to be used as an important source for bio energy including bio gas and bio ethanol (Nahar, K.  and Sunny, S.A. 2024) composting and other ecofriendly products.

The fast growth dynamics and biochemical composition make E. crassipes an important Ligno-cellulosic feed stock for biofuel.  The theoretical yields obtained from the cellulosic and hemi cellulosic contents of Eichhornia crassipes following use in phytoremediation indicated an yield of 210.85 ml H2/g D.W.,150.28 ml/g DW of methane and 0.278 g/g D.W. bioethanol. (Sharma Kritika etal.2022)

1. crassipes is a good raw material for the production of Bio-fuels. The low lignin content allows the hemicellulose and cellulose to be easily converted to fermentable sugar which can be exploited for the bio fuel industry. Potassium hydroxide extracts of E. crassipes have served as an important means of bio diesel production (Efeobokhan, V.E. 2013).

In India, the saccharification and fermentation of NaOH/H₂O₂ treated water hyacinth has been observed to be a promising strategy for ethanol fermentation (Gandhimathi, A. 2017). The maximum ethanol concentration from pretreated water hyacinth at 35⁰C was almost twice as that produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 30 ⁰ C.

The high amount of hemicellulose helps in producing biogas from water hyacinth. About 3 liters of biogas was reported (Fadairo, A. A. and Fagbenle, R.O.2014) to be produced when 2.5 Kg of dried bio mass of water hyacinth was mixed with cow dung and poultry drippings in the ratio of 2:2:1. Methane and carbon dioxide were produced up to 62% and 34% respectively. Pretreatment of water hyacinth with pure cultures of Citrobacter werkmanii was reported to produce 3 times more bio gas than that from untreated water hyacinth. (Barua, V.B.  et al. 2018). Chemical pretreatment of water hyacinth with 5% V/V concentration of H₂SO₄ and a residence time of 60 minutes produced almost 130% more ethanol than that from untreated water Hyacinth (Barua, V.B. et al. 2017).

Bio- Remediation

Opeyami A.et al. 2020 have presented a good account of the economic significance of E. crassipes.

Eichhornia helps in the bio remediation of waste water, absorbing heavy metals from toxic wastes and excessive nutrients from organically enriched eutrophic systems. ( Rupal Dupare et al. 2025). The roots of E. crassipes absorb toxic pollutants and chemicals in high concentrations (Mukesh D. and Anjani, K.D. 2018). Waste waters containing Heavy metals, dye stuffs and dissolved ions can be effectively treated with E. crassipes (Adewumi, I. and Ogbiye, A.S. 2009; Priya E.S. and Selvan, P.S. 2017). The leaves, roots and bulb tissues of the plant have hyper accumulative abilities for heavy metals. It has also been useful in the bio remediation of soils contaminated with crude oil and total Petroleum hydrocarbons (Udeh, U. et al. 2013) and is also used as a bioindicator of heavy metal pollution (Srivastava, A. et al. 2019). It is a good plant for the rhizofiltration process. Remediation with E. crassipes has been reported to considerably lower the Heavy metal content, carbon and the BOD of toxic waste waters. (Victor, K.K.et al.2016) Almost 99.5% of chromium recovery along with TDS and BOD was achieved when toxic waste waters from the Sukinda-chromite mines in Jaipur when E. crassipes was used with a 15 days phytoremediation exposure. (Saha, P. et al.2018). Almost 95% removal of cyanide was obtained in blast furnace effluents using E. Crassipes. (Saha, P.  et al.2018). Nitrogen is efficiently absorbed from eutrophic waste waters and excess nitrogen stored in the root and shoot system of Eichhornia.

Water Hyacinth has been successfully used to remove pollutants like BOD, TSS, TDS, Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Heavy metals etc. from waters. (Gupta et. al. 2012). Roots act as a natural bio sorbent. (Low et.al. 1994) With a profuse growth the economic importance of roots may need to be examined.

Use in the making of Paper

With 95% water, fibrous tissue and a high energy and protein content E. crassipes has a number of uses. The yield of kraft paper from E. Crassipes is low, the residual lignin content is high, the obtained pulp darkens with time. Pulp has a high concentration of organic substances and fines creating problems in paper sheet production.  The final bleaching is low (Unal, Aynur. 2020).  However, water Hyacinth blended with up to 50% jute or waste paper can yield good quantity paper. (Opeyami Ayanda et al. 2020)

Some other innovative uses

Assam operates a program entitled “Weed to Wealth’ and Punjab has taken the Harike Wetland initiative for the beneficial use of water Hyacinth.

The dried plant may also be woven into products like mats, ropes and furniture. (Rakotoarisoa, T.F. et.al. 2016). This is adopted in the ‘Weed to Wealth’ initiative of the Assam State Rural Livelihood Mission which provides training. (Sarma, S.S. and Sanowal,S  2021). I feel that this could help in Carbon sequestration also. Fibers from the petioles have been used to make ropes, baskets, carpets etc. (Malik 2007).

The Harike Wetland Initiative of Punjab utilises Fiber from Water Hyacinth to create ecofriendly handicrafts which provide a source of income. Fiber could also be used for making ropes. The Housing and Building Research Institute in Dhaka has carried out work on the use of Water Hyacinth in the production of fibre. The Ajay Bahu-udeshiya Sanstha in Chandrapur Maharashtra is also making handicraft products out of Eichhornia stems. (Unal, Aynur. 2020). Marketing is a challenge which may need to be strengthened.

Pharmaceuticals

1. crassipes has significant industrial and medicinal applications. Alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tri terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins found as secondary metabolites in E. crassipes have been observed to demonstrate promising pharmacological properties. Potassium, chlorine, calcium and aluminium were some nutritionally important chemicals present in large amounts in the plants. Gebrehiwot, H. et al. 2022 The plant parts have been extensively reported to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal, anti-aging, anticancer, hepato-protective and anti-bacterial properties (Gayatri 2019; Lalitha, P. and Jayanti, P. 2014; Aboul-Enein, A.M. et al.2014; Kumar, S. et al. 2014). The insecticidal, allelopathic and larvicidal effects have also been investigated. It can also be used as a hair Fragrance and to treat diseases like Cholera, sore throat and snake bites. (Pandey, S. et al. 2015).

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